Classification

List

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type
Array languages
- These language generalize operation on scalars to apply transparently to vector, matrices and higher dimensional arrays.
- Julia, using broadcasting.
- R
Agent-oriented programming languages
- Agent-oriented programming allows the developer to build, extend and use software agents, which are abstractions of objects that can message other agents.
- Clojure
- F#
Aspect-oriented programming languages
Assembly languages
- instructions appear in a form understandable by humans, although there may not be a one-to-one mapping between an individual statement and an individual instruction.
Authoring languages
Concatenative programming languages
Constraint programming languages
Command-line interface languages
- also called batch languages or job control languages.
- sh
Compiled languages
- typically processed by compilers
- c
Concurrent languages
- Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as communicating sequential processes (CSP) or the π-calculus.
- java
- haskell
Curly-bracket languages
- statement blocks using the curly bracket or brace characters { and }
Dataflow languages
Data-oriented languages
- sql
Decision table languages
- express the logic of a computation without describing its control flow in detail
Declarative languages
Embeddable languages
Educational programming languages
- pascal
- racket
Esoteric languages
- brainfuck
Extension languages
Fourth-generation languages
- high-level languages built around database systems
- sql
Functional languages
- define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions and treat them as first-class
- lisp
- haskell
Hardware description languages
- verlog
Imperative languages
- c
Interactive mode languages
- Have REPL
- python
Interpreted languages
Iterative languages
- use generators
- C++
- python
Languages by memory management type
- Garbage collected languages
  - java
- Languages with manual memory management
  - c
- Languages with partial manual memory management
  - eC
- Languages with optional manual memory management
  - rust
List-based languages – LISPs
Little languages
- serve a specialized problem domain
- awk
Logic-based languages
- specify a set of attributes that a solution must-have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution.
- prolog
Machine languages
Macro languages
Metaprogramming languages
- writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time.
- c++
- lisp
Multiparadigm languages
Numerical analysis
Non-English-based languages
Object-oriented class-based languages
- Class-based object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept, if not the main concept, in object-oriented languages.
- Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions.
- Multiple dispatch
  - lisp
- Single dispatch
  - C++
  - Java
Object-oriented prototype-based languages
- distinction between classes and instances has been removed
- ECMAScript
Off-side rule languages
- denote blocks of code by their indentation
- python
Procedural languages
- languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language.
- c
Query languages
Reflective languages
- let programs examine and possibly modify their high-level structure at runtime or compile-time.
- java
- lisp
Rule-based languages
- instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data
Scripting languages
- designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs
Stack-based languages
Synchronous languages
- optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly.
Shading languages
- graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects
Syntax-handling languages
- assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for context-free grammars
- yaac
- lex
System languages
Transformation languages
Visual languages
Wirth languages
XML-based languages

Basis of paradigms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages
Actor-based
Array
Aspect-oriented
Class-based
Concatenative
Concurrent
Dataflow
Declarative
Differentiable
Domain-specific
- web
  - html
  - css
- database
  - sql
- embedded
  - lua
- data science
  - R
  - julia
Dynamic
- python
- javascript
Esoteric
Event-driven
Extensible
Functional
- haskell
- f sharp
- scala
- clojure
- ocaml
- elixir
- elm
Imperative
Logic
Macro
Metaprogramming
Object-based
Object-oriented
Pipeline
Procedural
Prototype-based
Reflective
Rule-based
Scripting
- bash
- powershell
Stack-oriented
Static
- java
- c# - microsoft
- typescript
- kotlin - type inference
- swift - type inference
- dart - type inference
- go
- garbage collector
- c
- c++
- rust
  - borrow checking
Synchronous
Tactile
Template

Some modern programming

v
- systems language
zig
- low level
nim
- tunable garbage collector
carbon
- c++
solidity
- smart contacts
hack
- php interop

Some Historical Programming

fortran
lisp
algol
cobol
apl
- a programming language
pascal
simula - oop
erlang
ada
prolog, meat language