R Basics

Data Types

There are six basic data types in R:

• Logical
• Numeric
• Integer
• Complex
• Character
• Raw

Logical

The logical data type in R is also known as boolean data type. It can have value TRUE and FALSE.

bool1 <- TRUE
print(bool1)
print(class(bool1))

[1] TRUE
[1] "logical"

Numeric

• number with decimal points

weight <- 65.4
print(weight)
print(class(weight))

marks <- 100
print(marks)
print(class(marks))

[1] 65.4
[1] "numeric"
[1] 100
[1] "numeric"

Integer

• number without decimal points

int_var <- 100L
print(int_var)
print(class(int_var))

[1] 100
[1] "integer"

Complex

• for complex numbers

c_var <- 1 + 2i
print(c_var)
print(class(c_var))

[1] 1+2i
[1] "complex"

Character

• character or a string of values
• no differerent string and character type like in other programming languages

fruit <- "apple"
print(fruit)
print(class(fruit))

fruit1 <- 'apple'
print(fruit1)
print(class(fruit1))

[1] "apple"
[1] "character"
[1] "apple"
[1] "character"

Raw

• raw in form of binary
• can be used to convert character type to ASCII values, and vice versa
• can also be used if you want to export data in binary

raw <- charToRaw("hello")
print(raw)
print(class(raw))

[1] 68 65 6c 6c 6f
[1] "raw"

char <- rawToChar(raw)
print(char)
print(class(char))

[1] "hello"
[1] "character"

Operators

• arithemtic
• assignment
• comparision
• logical
• miscellaneous

Arithmetic

• + addition
• - subtraction
• * multiplication
• / division
• ^ exponent
• %% modulud
• %/% integer division

Assignement

• var <- value
• var <<- val
• value -> var
• val ->> var

Comparision

• ==, !=
• <, <= >, >=

Logical

• &
• &&
• |
• ||
• !

Miscellaneous

• : - create series x <- 1:10
• %in% - find id a element belong to a vector x%in%y
• %*% - martix multiplication

Conditionals

x <- 1
y <- 2

if (x == y){
    print('equal')
} else {
    print('not equal')
}

[1] "not equal"

Loops

for (val in 1:5) print(val)

[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

i <- 1
while (i < 6){
    print(i)
    i <- i + 1
}

[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

i <- 1
repeat {
    print(i)
    if(i == 5) break;
    i <- i+1
}

[1] 1
[1] 2
[1] 3
[1] 4
[1] 5

RScript

• run R code as a script
• Rscript [script-name]

Function

## defining
my_fun <- function(){
    print("hi")
}

## calling
my_fun() 

[1] "hi"

my_fun <- function(name){
    paste("hi", name)
}

my_fun("ram")

'hi ram'